Alarm concept

The word alarm is probably derived from the Italian all'arme. Its meaning comes from the cry to take up arms To arms! The weapons were piled up in the central part of the forts and when the enemy presence was spotted, that exclamation was launched so that the warriors ran to take possession of them and be ready to shoot, taking their combat positions.

Currently , an alarm is any warning signal in the presence of a danger. Giving the alarm is a cry that is expressed when we notice the occurrence of some serious risk. For example: "Juan raised the alarm so that his friends knew that the criminals were nearby and could hide."

The police, fire or ambulance alarm is a device that is placed on mobile phones that warn that they are passing at high speed due to the urgency of a pursuit, a fire or the transfer of an injured or sick person. seriously, so that the rest of the motorists give way and avoid accidents.

Alarms are placed in houses and cars, which sound when intruders approach, although sometimes they are triggered by some movements or nearby and non-dangerous presences, if they are very sensitive. Its function is to deter criminals and alert neighbors and the police. Some alarms are connected to telephone numbers, or more recently to a monitoring system via the Internet to give more direct notice.

Alarm clocks and cell phones have alarms that make sounds to wake up the user or notify them of an important event , after programming.

Alarm is also a feeling of fear that is generated individually or collectively in the presence of danger. Example: The people, alarmed by the presence of a ferocious animal on the loose, refused to go out into the street.

Aryan concept

The term Aryan, which apparently would derive from the Sanskrit language, where "arya" would have the meaning of "noble", was originated by German historians and linguists of the 19th century. Indeed, philologists verified the similarity between European words and the literary language used in India (Sanskrit); which was also observed with respect to Old Persian, Armenian, Hittite, and Phrygian.

This linguistic similarity led to the name Aryans, to the peoples who shared the culture, among which the primordial and almost unique thing that stood out was the Indo-European or Indo-Iranian language, although each people belonged to different ethnic groups and did not share their gods.

The concept of Aryan as a race, all its members derived from a common origin, qualified as superior, corresponded to Nazi ideology , which qualified white Europeans as such. Arabs, Jews, yellows and blacks, would be for this Nazi ideology, inferior races, which should be eliminated.

This supposed Aryan race, named after Max Müller because it was the name given to the invaders in the Vedas, united by language, would have left Central Asia, north of the _Himalayas, from where they would later have entered Europe, the India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.

The idea is widespread that Hitler wanted to form a perfect and universal Aryan people, of blond people with blue eyes, as were the first Aryans from northern Europe, who were ambitious, lived in danger and loved the sea; although, much to his regret, the Aryan, if it existed, could only be applied to certain peoples of brown complexion such as Hindus, Persians and Pakistanis. It is the racist use of the Aryan concept by the Hitler regime that makes it dangerous.

In music, an aria is a composition that is written for a single voice to sing, sometimes accompanied by musical instruments .

Aristocracy concept

Aristocracy is a word that in Greek means the rule of the best. The Greek philosopher Plato already maintained that only the wisest, the philosophers, were the ones who were qualified to govern. His disciple Aristotle followed this idea, saying that only the prudent could manage to exercise a just government, since they were prepared to find the virtuous just mean.

For Aristotle, the Aristocracy was one of the three pure forms of government, together with the Monarchy and Democracy , since in all three cases one governs for the common good . However, for this Athenian philosopher, the aristocracy, the government of those who represented the most virtuous citizens, could be deformed into an impure form, the Oligarchy , when instead of being the government of the best, it becomes that of a few, who they rule according to their personal interests or for the benefit of only their select group. For him, the ideal is a mixed form between Democracy and Aristocracy, a form of government that he called Politeia.

Aristocracy is also called socially, the outstanding social class , from where the political leaders of this form of government are chosen.

In Athens, the government of the kings was succeeded by that of the nobles or "eupatrids", and the people or "demos" could not have political participation . This Aristocracy that exercised power was in the hands of a landed minority. The "demos" or people was incorporated into political life only after the reforms of Cleisthenes (570 to 507 BC) who belonged to the aristocratic class.

Another important Greek polis, Sparta, had the character of a military aristocracy. This aristocracy was made up of what they called equals, who were warriors of Dorian descent.

In the Middle Ages , we can talk about the nobility, understood as a warrior aristocracy, which had privileges, among which was the tax exemption.

From the French Revolution , the equal rights and political participation of all social sectors began to be preached, beginning the decline of the Aristocracy, as a privileged political, social and legal sector. From then on, the name of aristocracy began to be given to the sector of the population with political and economic power (for example, when we talk about financial or land-owning aristocracy) or who hold supremacy in certain fields of knowledge. It has even come to speak of a labor aristocracy, to refer to those qualified employees, who enjoy better salaries and command positions within the factories.